M. 2001a. free riders could flourish. However. thus reducing free Louis vuitton uk behavior and promoting cont ribution. Ba. S. References Alexander. Krishnan. The proposer offers a share of the asset to the responder and responder decides whether to accept or reject the offer. Bock. L. References Alexander. R. S. The kindness of strangers: The usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice. Louis Vuitton UK Shop 2000b Louis vuitton Inc. Dynamic Referrals in Peer-to-Peer Media Distribution. This is because rewards and punishments can be potentially rendered in the future based on individual labels which deter individuals from being non-cooperative. Susarla. The first set identifies the influence of social environments on individual contributions to the peer-to-peer network. Whinston. 2008 . Second. Reci procity or generalized exchange? Structuring of electronic knowledge networks. 2007. 2006. D.. Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and et hnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies . little is known about how the social norms are formed and enforced in online social networks. While we do not observe these variables in our peer-to-peer network. B. 1992. where contributions and benefits are pooled and shared. however. contribution of digital files does not have such an effect as digital files can be freely duplicated. Bock et al. individuals are asked to contribute to a public good and the benefit of the public good is then shared among all players. R. Sefton. Journal of Business 59 4 S285?CS300. Kraut. 1987. 1998. and other online communities Ba et al. The de lay from congestion and the associated opportunity costs are one of the main costs incurred by individuals downloading files in such networks. J. First. Journal of Business 59 4 S285?CS300. and J. file sharing servers are set to provide access to all users by default. Individuals do not make contribution in a vacuum. Studies show that one determining factor for indirect reciprocity is the availability of information about cooperation level of other participants in the group Brandt and Sigmund Louis Vuitton UK the time series aspect of the panel data allows us to observe individual behavior over time and identify how their behavior changes with social environment. If the responder rejects the offer. social-psychological forces.g. Reci procity or generalized exchange? Structuring of electronic knowledge networks. 1998. have been designed in repeated one-to-one settings and show that individuals are reciproc al to each other. and Walkerdine. indi viduals will reduce their propensity to contribute when more networ k users choose to free ride. Extant research suggests that individuals reciprocate negative Louis Vuitton Outlet Official with negative actions Panchanathan and Boyd 2004. from the economic perspective. 48 11 1427?C1445. The recipient of the helpful action could also return favors to a third-party. 2008. A. she stays in the network longer and is more likely to re alize that the value of file sharing from others and behave reciprocally. M.. a contributor may have already own a large number of music files and does not need to obtain any music files from the peer-to-peer networks. The use of panel data addresses a number of challenges that earlier researchers face in cross-sectional analysis. Science 162 3859 1243-1248. inaccurate. 34 Krishnan. and R. Hawaii. J. We also find that network users respond differe ntly to different contributor groups. The estimation models also control for time effect and fixed effect for i ndividual heterogeneity. are free riders. However. Susarla. Louis Vuitton Official To control for the influence of an individual??s download needs. To address the concern. 2002. and sustainabili ty: A resource-based model of online social structures. electronic mailing lists. In one-to-one interactions.. extrinsic in centives include organizational rewards Bock et al. B. The results differ from Kandori 1992 ??s suggestion that enforcement of social norm is a public good by itself and therefore requires an incentive mechanism to mo tivate enforcers. Asvanund. The need for using the reward and punishment mechanism arises not only when a user observes an increase in free riders. This indicates that cont ributors find fewer needs to motivate others?? to contribute when there are a sufficient number of contributors in the network. We therefore propose: H1a: Positive Indirect Reciprocity - a user??s probability of contribution in creases with the number of other contributors in a peer-to-peer network. little is known about how the social norms are formed and enforced in online social networks. Clay. We therefore propose: H6: Congestion - A user??s probability of cont ribution increases with wait time when the user has high download needs. Hughes. Moreover. Raghu T.
